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Q
Quarry : The location of an operation where a natural deposit f stone is removed from the ground.
Quartz : A silicon dioxide mineral that occurs in colourless and transparent or coloured hexagonal crystals and also in crystalline masses. One of the most common minerals, the chief constituent of sandstone.
Quartzite : A compact granular rock composed of quartz crystals, usually so firmly cemented as to make the mass homogenous. The stone is generally quarried in stratified layers, the surfaces of which are unusually smooth. Its crushing and tensile strengths are extremely high; the colour range is wide.
Quartzitic sandstone : A sandstone with a high concentration of quartz grains and siliceous cement.
Quirt : A groove separating a bed or other moulding from the adjoining numbers.
Quoins : Stone at the corner of a wall emphasised by size, projection, and rustication or by a different finish.
R
Range : A course of any thickness that is continued across the entire face. All range courses need not be of the same tthickness.
Recess : a sinkages in a wall plane.
Reglet : a narrow, flat moulding of rectangular profile.
Relief or relieve : Ornament in relief. The ornament or figure can be slightly, half, or greatly projected.
Relieving arch : one built over a lintel, flat arch or smaller arch to divert loads, thus relieving the lower member for excessive loading. Also known as discharging or safety arch.
Return : the right angle turn of a moulding.
Return head : stone facing with the finish appearing on both the face and the edge of the same stone, as on the corner of a building.
Reveal : the depth of stone between its outer face and a window or door set in an opening.
Ribbon : narrow bands of rock differing to various degrees in chemical composition and colour from the main body of the slate or stone; in other words, bands.
Rift : the most pronounced (see "grain") direction of splitting or cleavage of stone. Rift and grain may be obscure, as in some granites, but are important in both quarrying and processing.
Rip rap : irregularly shaped stones used for facing bridge abutments and fills; stones thrown together without order to form a foundation or sustaining walls.
Rise : the heights of tones, generally used in reference to veneer stone.
Rock : an integral part of the earth鈥檚 crust composed of an aggregate of grains of one or more minerals. (Stone is the commercial term applied to quarry products.)
Rock (pitch) face : similar to split face, except that the face of the stone is pitched to a given line and plane producing a bold appearance rather than the comparatively straight face obtained in split face.
Rodding : reinforcement of a structurally unsound marble by cementing reinforcing rods into grooves or channels cut into the back of slab.
Roman Arch : semi-circular arch.
Rose window : a circular tone window fitted with carved tracery.
Rough sawn : a marble surface finish accomplished by the gangsawing process.
Rubbed finish : mechanically rubbed for smoother finish.
Rubble : a product term applied to dimension stone used for building purposes, chiefly walls and foundations, and consisting of irregularly shaped pieces, partly trimmed or squared, generally with one split or finished face, and selected and specified with a size range.
Rustication : chamfers or square singings round the face edges of individual stones to create shadows and to give an appearance of greater weight to the lower part of the building. When only the horizontal joints are sunk, the device is known as banded rustication.
S
Saddle : a flat strip of stone projecting above the floor between the jambs of the door; a threshold.
Sandblasted : a matte-texture marble surface finish with no gloss, accomplished by exposing the surface to a steady flow of sand under pressure.
Sand-sewn finish : the surface left as the stone comes from the gangsaw; moderately smooth, granular surface varying with the texture and grade of the stone.
Sandstone : a sedimentary rock consisting usually of quartz, cemented with silica, iron oxide or calcium carbonate, Sandstone is durable, has a very high crushing and tensile strength and a wide range of colours and textures. Varieties of sandstone are commonly designated by the kind and prominence of interstitial and bonding material, as siliceous sandstone (bonding material primarily silica), calcareous sandstone (calcium carbonate prominent as bonding material or as accessory grains or
both), sandstone (clay minerals prominent as interstitial or bonding materials, or as thin laminac ferruginous sandstone (iron oxide or hydroxide minerals (hematite,, limonite, et al) as interstitial or as boding materials in sufficient amount to impart appreciable colour of stone); brownstone (ferruginous sandstone of dark brown or reddish brown colour), arkose, arkosic sandstone, or feldspatic sandstone (a sandstone that contains an abundance of grains of feldspar), conglomerate a sandstone composed in large part of rounded pebbles, also called puddingstone).
The term "brownstone" was applied originally to certain Trassic sandstone of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts (Longmeadow sandstone), Connecticut (Portland sandstone), and to similarly appearing reddish-brown sandstone quarried in and near Hummelstown, PA. Thus the term originally had geographic significance, but such geographic limitation is undesirable.
Sawed edge : a clean-cut edge generally achieved by cutting with a diamond blade, gangsaw or wire saw.
Sawed face : a finish obtained from the process used in producing building stone; varies in texture from smooth to rough and coincident with the type of materials used in sawing; characterised as diamond sawn, sand sawn, chat sawn and shot sawn.
Scale : thin lamina or paper-like sheets of rock, often loose and interrupting and otherwise smooth surface on the stone.
Schist : a loose term applying to foliated metamorphic (recrystallized) rock characterised by thin foliae that are composed predominantly of minerals of thin platy or prismatic habits and whose long dimensions are oriented in approximately parallel positions along the planes of foliation, because of this foliated structure, schists split readily along these planes and son possess a pronounced rock cleavage. The more common schists are composed of the micas and other mica-like minerals (such as chlorite) and generally contain subordinate quartz and/or feldspar of comparatively fine-grained texture; all graduations exist between schist and gneiss (coarse foliated feldspathic rocks).
Scoria : irregular masses of lava resembling clinker of slag; may be cellular (vesticular), dark-coloured and heavy.
Scotia : a concave molding.
Sculpture : the work of a sculptor in three-dimensional form by cutting from a solid block of stone.
Semi-rubbed : a finish achieved by rubbing (by hand or machine) the rough or high spots off the surface to be used, leaving a certain amount of the natural surface along with the smoothed areas.
Serpentine : a hydrous magnesium silicate of igneous origin, generally a very dark green colour with markings of white, light green or black. One of the hardest varieties of natural building stone.
Setting space : a term used to indicate the distance from the finished face of the marble to the face of the back-up wall.
Shaped stone : cut stone which has been carved, ground or otherwise processed.
Shear : a type of stress; a body is in shear when it is subjected to a pair of equal forces which are opposite in direction and which act along parallel planes.
Shot-sawn : description of a finish obtained by used steel shot in the gangsawing process to produce random markings for a rough surface texture.
Sill : a flat stone used under windows. Doors, and other masonry openings.
Silstone : a fine-grained non-carbonate clastic rock composed of at least 67% of detrital grains of quartz and silicate minerals of silt size. Silstones are rarely marketed as such but commonly are considered as fine-grained sandstones. This class of sediments is texturally transitional between sandstones and shales (mudstones). Many bluestones and siliceous flagstones fall within this category. The term is included in these definitions chiefly to explain the relationship of some siliceous flagstones to the sandstone category.
Slab : A lengthwise cut of a large quarry block of stone produced by sawing or splitting in the first milling or quarrying operation. A slab has tow parallel surfaces.
Slate : A very fine grained metamorphic rock derived from sedimentary rock shale. Characterized by an excellent parallel cleavage entirely independent of original bedding, by which cleavage the rock may be split easily into relatively thin slabs.Essential mineral constituents of slates are usually members of the mica group, commonly sericite, muscovite, and paragonite; of the clay group, chiefly illite and kaolinite; and of the chlorite group. Common accessory minerals are iron oxides, calcite, quarts, and feldspar. Other minerals may be present also as minor accessories. Most slates are derived from shales.
Others are derived from fine-grained igneous rock, chiefly volcanic tuffs, but these are rare and of little commercial importance.
Slip sill : A stone sill set between jambs (see lug sill)
Smooth finish : description of the finish produced by planer machines plus the removal of objectionable tool marks, also known as "smooth planer finish" and "smooth machine finish". Snapped edge, quarry cut or broken edge 鈥� a natural breaking of a stone either by hand or machine. The break should be at tight angles to the top and bottom surfaces.
Soapstone : a massive variety of talc with a soapy or greasy feel used for hearths, washtubs, tables tops, carved ornaments, chemical laboratory counter, etc., and known for its stain-proof qualities.
Soffit : the finished, exposed underside of a lintel, arch or portico.
Sound stone : Stone which is free of cracks, fissures, or other physical defects.
Spall : a stone fragment that has split or broken off.
Spalls : sizes may vary from chip-size to one and two-man stones. Spalls are primarily used for taking up large voids in rough rubble or mosaic patterns.
Spandrel wall : that part of a curtain wall above the top of a window in one story and below the sill of the window in the story above.
Splay : a bevelled or slanted surface.
Spline : a thin strip of material, such as wood or metal, inserted into the edges of two stones pieces or stone tiles to make a butt joint between them.
Split : division of a rock by cleavage.
Split face stone : stone on which the face has been broken to an approximate plane.
Splitstone finish : obtained by sawing to accurate heights then breaking by machine to required bed widths. (Normal bed widths are 3 ½ inches (90 mm).
Spot or spotting : an adhesive contact, usually of plaster or Paris, applied between the back of marble veneer and the face of the back-up wall to plumb or secure standing marble.
Stacked bond : stone that is cut to one dimension and installed with unbroken vertical and horizontal joints running the entire length and height of the veneered area.
Start : a small fissure.
Statue : a sculpture of a human or animal figure.
Sticking : an expression used in the marble finishing t5ade to describe the process of cementing together of broken slabs or pieces of marble.
Stone : sometimes synonymous with rock, but more properly applied to individual blocks, masses or fragments taken from their original formation or considered for commercial use.
Stool : a flat stone, generally polished, used as an interior sill.
Stratification : a structure produced by deposition if sediments in beds or layers (strata), laminae, lenses, wedges, and other essentially tabular units.
Strip rubble : generally speaking, strip rubble comes from a ledge quarry, the beds of the stone, while uniformly straight, are of the natural cleft as the stone is removed from the ledge, and then split by machine to approximately 4-inch (100mm) widths.
Strips : long pieces of stone, usually low height ashlar courses, where length to height ratio is at maximum for the material used.
Styrolite : a longitudinally streaked, columnar structure occurring in some marbles and of the same material as the marble in which it occurs.
Surround : an enframement.
T
Tablet : A small, flat slab or surface of stone, especially one bearing or intended to bear an inscription, carving or the like.
Template : a pattern for repetitive marking or fabricating operation.
Terrazzo : a type of concrete in which chips or pieces of stone, usually marble, are mixed with cement and are ground to a flat surface, exposing the chips, which take a high polish.
Thin marble : a fabricated marble unit of w inches (50 mm) or less in thickness.
Tile : a thin modular stone unit.
Tolerance : dimensional allowance made for the inability of men and machines to fabricate a product of exact dimensions.
Throat : the name sometimes given to the small groove under the windowsill or dripstone intended to deflect rainwater from the wall face.
Tooled finish : customarily has four, six, or eight parallel, concave grooves to the inch.
Tracery : ornamentation of panels, circular windows, window heads, etc.
Translucence : the light-emitting quality of certain marble varieties containing a crystal structure capable of transmitting light.
Travertine limestone : a variety of limestone that has a partly crystalline or microcrystalline texture and porous or cellular layered structure, the cells being usually concentrated along certain layers and commonly displaying small stalactitic forms.
Travertine marble : a variety of limestone regarded as a product of chemical precipitation from hot springs. Travertine is cellular with the cells usually concentrated in thin layers that display a stalactitic structure. Some that take a polish are sold as marble and may be classified as travertine marble under the class of commercial marble.
Tread : a flat stone used as the top-walking surface on steps.
Trim : stone used as decorative items only, such as sill, coping, enframements, etc., with the facing of another material.
Trimmer arch : a stone arch, usually a low-rise arch, used for supporting a fireplace hearth.
Tuff : cemented volcanic ash, many varieties included.
U
Undercut : cut so as to present an overhanging part.
V
Vein cut : cutting quarried marble or stone perpendicular to the natural bedding plane.
Veining : coloured markings in limestone, marble, alabaster, etc.
Veneer : a non-load bearing facing of stone attached to a backing for the purpose of ornamentation, protection or insulation. Veneer shall support no vertical load other than its own weight and possibly the vertical dead load of veneer above.
Veneer stone : a non-loadbearing facing of stone attached to a backing for the purpose of ornamentation, protection or insulation. Veneer shall support no vertical load other than its own weight and possibly the vertical dead load of veneer above.
Venting : a method used to allow air and moisture to escape to the outside from the wall cavity (see cavity vent).
Verde antique : a marble composed chiefly of massive serpentine and capable of being polished. It is commonly crossed by veinlets of other minerals, chiefly carbonates of calcium and magnesium.
W
Wall plate : a horizontal member anchored to a masonry wall to which other structural elements may be attached. Also called "head plate". Usually steel, 3/16-inch (5mm) in diameter and formed in a "Z" shape or a rectangle.
Wall tie : a bounder or metal piece which connects wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials.
Wall tie cavity : a rigid corrosion-resistant metal tie which bonds two wythes of a cavity wall. It is filling of natural void with colour-blended materials.
Walls : one of the sides of a room or building connecting floor and ceiling or foundation and roof:
Walls bearing : a wall supporting a vertical load in addition to its own weight.• Cavity a wall in which the inner and outer wythes are separated by an air space but tied together with metal ties. • Composite 鈥� a wall in which the facing and backing are of different materials and bonded together with bond stones to exert a common reaction under load. • Veneer or face 鈥� a wall in which a thin facing and the backing are of different materials but not so bonded as to exert a
common reaction under load. • Wind (wined) 鈥� a twisting warp from cutting slabs in the gangsaws.
Warped walls : generally a condition experienced only in flagging or flagstone materials; very common with flagstone materials that are taken from the ground and used in their natural state. To eliminate warping in stones, it would be necessary to further finish the material by methods such as machining, sand rubbing, honing or polishing.
Wash : a sloped area or the area water will run over.
Water bar : typically a strip in a reglet in windowsill and stone below to prevent water passage.
Water table : a projection of lowest masonry on the outside of the wall slightly above the ground. Often a damp course is placed at the level of the water table to prevent upward penetration of ground water.
Waxing : an expression used in the marble finishing trade to indicate the filling of natural voids with colour-blended materials.
Wear : the removal of material or impairment of surface finishing through friction or impact use.
Weathering : natural alteration by either chemical or mechanical processes due to the action of constituents of the atmosphere, surface waters, soil and other ground waters, or to temperature changes; the inclined top surface of a stone such as a coping, cornice, or windowsill.
Wedging : splitting of stone by driving wedges into planes of weakness.
Wire saw : method of cutting stone by passing a twisted, multi-strand wire over the stone and immersing the wire in a slurry of abrasive material.
(article from inspectstone)
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